# CSS Variables (Custom Properties) Complete Guide

CSS variables (custom properties) are an important feature of modern CSS. This article covers various usage patterns and techniques for CSS variables.

Basic Syntax

Declaring Variables

/* Declare global variables in :root */
:root {
  --primary-color: #3498db;
  --secondary-color: #2ecc71;
  --font-size-base: 16px;
  --spacing-unit: 8px;
  --border-radius: 4px;
}

/* Declare local variables in selectors */
.card {
  --card-padding: 20px;
  --card-bg: #ffffff;
}

/* Variable naming conventions */
:root {
  /* Use semantic naming */
  --color-primary: #3498db;
  --color-text: #333333;
  --size-header: 64px;

  /* Use hyphens as separators */
  --font-family-base: system-ui, sans-serif;
  --transition-duration: 0.3s;
}

Using Variables

/* Use the var() function */
.button {
  background-color: var(--primary-color);
  padding: var(--spacing-unit);
  border-radius: var(--border-radius);
}

/* Provide fallback values */
.text {
  color: var(--text-color, #333333);
  font-size: var(--font-size, 16px);
}

/* Nested fallback values */
.element {
  color: var(--theme-color, var(--primary-color, blue));
}

/* Use in calc() */
.container {
  padding: calc(var(--spacing-unit) * 2);
  margin: calc(var(--spacing-unit) * 3);
  width: calc(100% - var(--sidebar-width, 250px));
}

Scoping

Global Scope

/* :root pseudo-class represents the document root */
:root {
  --global-color: #3498db;
  --global-spacing: 16px;
}

/* Available anywhere */
.header {
  background: var(--global-color);
}

.footer {
  padding: var(--global-spacing);
}

Local Scope

/* Variables are valid in declaring selector and descendants */
.card {
  --card-color: #ffffff;
}

.card .title {
  color: var(--card-color);  /* Valid */
}

.other-element {
  color: var(--card-color);  /* Invalid, uses fallback or inherited */
}

Variable Override

:root {
  --button-bg: #3498db;
}

/* Override in specific contexts */
.dark-theme {
  --button-bg: #2980b9;
}

.button {
  background: var(--button-bg);
}

/* Component-level override */
.button-danger {
  --button-bg: #e74c3c;
}

/* Override in media queries */
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
  :root {
    --button-bg: #2980b9;
  }
}

Theme Systems

Light/Dark Theme

/* Define theme variables */
:root {
  /* Light theme (default) */
  --bg-color: #ffffff;
  --text-color: #333333;
  --border-color: #e0e0e0;
  --shadow-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

/* Dark theme */
[data-theme="dark"] {
  --bg-color: #1a1a2e;
  --text-color: #eaeaea;
  --border-color: #3a3a5c;
  --shadow-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
}

/* Follow system preference */
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
  :root:not([data-theme="light"]) {
    --bg-color: #1a1a2e;
    --text-color: #eaeaea;
    --border-color: #3a3a5c;
    --shadow-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
  }
}

/* Use variables */
body {
  background-color: var(--bg-color);
  color: var(--text-color);
}

.card {
  border: 1px solid var(--border-color);
  box-shadow: 0 2px 8px var(--shadow-color);
}

Multiple Theme Support

/* Theme variables */
:root {
  --primary: #3498db;
  --primary-light: #5dade2;
  --primary-dark: #2980b9;
}

[data-theme="green"] {
  --primary: #2ecc71;
  --primary-light: #58d68d;
  --primary-dark: #27ae60;
}

[data-theme="purple"] {
  --primary: #9b59b6;
  --primary-light: #af7ac5;
  --primary-dark: #8e44ad;
}

/* Component usage */
.button-primary {
  background: var(--primary);
}

.button-primary:hover {
  background: var(--primary-light);
}

.button-primary:active {
  background: var(--primary-dark);
}

Dynamic Modification

JavaScript Operations

// Get variable value
const root = document.documentElement;
const primaryColor = getComputedStyle(root)
  .getPropertyValue('--primary-color');

// Set variable value
root.style.setProperty('--primary-color', '#e74c3c');

// Remove variable
root.style.removeProperty('--primary-color');

// Set on specific element
const card = document.querySelector('.card');
card.style.setProperty('--card-bg', '#f0f0f0');

// Get element's variable
const cardBg = getComputedStyle(card)
  .getPropertyValue('--card-bg');

Theme Switching

// Set theme
function setTheme(theme) {
  document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-theme', theme);
  localStorage.setItem('theme', theme);
}

// Load saved theme
function loadTheme() {
  const saved = localStorage.getItem('theme');
  if (saved) {
    document.documentElement.setAttribute('data-theme', saved);
  }
}

// Detect system preference
function detectSystemTheme() {
  if (window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches) {
    setTheme('dark');
  }
}

// Listen for system theme changes
window.matchMedia('(prefers-color-scheme: dark)')
  .addEventListener('change', e => {
    setTheme(e.matches ? 'dark' : 'light');
  });

Animation Control

:root {
  --animation-duration: 0.3s;
  --animation-timing: ease-in-out;
}

.element {
  transition: transform var(--animation-duration) var(--animation-timing);
}

/* Reduce motion (accessibility) */
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  :root {
    --animation-duration: 0.01ms;
  }
}

// Dynamically adjust animation speed
function setAnimationSpeed(speed) {
  const duration = speed === 'fast' ? '0.1s' :
                   speed === 'slow' ? '0.5s' : '0.3s';
  document.documentElement.style.setProperty(
    '--animation-duration',
    duration
  );
}

Practical Patterns

Spacing System

:root {
  --space-unit: 8px;
  --space-xs: calc(var(--space-unit) * 0.5);  /* 4px */
  --space-sm: var(--space-unit);               /* 8px */
  --space-md: calc(var(--space-unit) * 2);     /* 16px */
  --space-lg: calc(var(--space-unit) * 3);     /* 24px */
  --space-xl: calc(var(--space-unit) * 4);     /* 32px */
  --space-2xl: calc(var(--space-unit) * 6);    /* 48px */
}

.card {
  padding: var(--space-md);
  margin-bottom: var(--space-lg);
}

.card-header {
  margin-bottom: var(--space-sm);
}

Color System

:root {
  /* Base colors */
  --color-blue-50: #e3f2fd;
  --color-blue-100: #bbdefb;
  --color-blue-500: #2196f3;
  --color-blue-700: #1976d2;
  --color-blue-900: #0d47a1;

  /* Semantic colors */
  --color-primary: var(--color-blue-500);
  --color-primary-light: var(--color-blue-100);
  --color-primary-dark: var(--color-blue-700);

  /* Status colors */
  --color-success: #4caf50;
  --color-warning: #ff9800;
  --color-error: #f44336;
  --color-info: #2196f3;
}

Typography System

:root {
  /* Font families */
  --font-sans: system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif;
  --font-serif: Georgia, serif;
  --font-mono: 'Fira Code', monospace;

  /* Font sizes */
  --text-xs: 0.75rem;
  --text-sm: 0.875rem;
  --text-base: 1rem;
  --text-lg: 1.125rem;
  --text-xl: 1.25rem;
  --text-2xl: 1.5rem;
  --text-3xl: 1.875rem;

  /* Line heights */
  --leading-tight: 1.25;
  --leading-normal: 1.5;
  --leading-relaxed: 1.75;

  /* Font weights */
  --font-normal: 400;
  --font-medium: 500;
  --font-bold: 700;
}

h1 {
  font-size: var(--text-3xl);
  font-weight: var(--font-bold);
  line-height: var(--leading-tight);
}

p {
  font-size: var(--text-base);
  line-height: var(--leading-normal);
}

Responsive Variables

:root {
  --container-width: 100%;
  --sidebar-width: 250px;
  --header-height: 60px;
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
  :root {
    --container-width: 750px;
    --header-height: 80px;
  }
}

@media (min-width: 1024px) {
  :root {
    --container-width: 980px;
    --sidebar-width: 300px;
  }
}

@media (min-width: 1280px) {
  :root {
    --container-width: 1200px;
  }
}

.container {
  max-width: var(--container-width);
  margin: 0 auto;
}

.sidebar {
  width: var(--sidebar-width);
}

.header {
  height: var(--header-height);
}

Component Design

Customizable Components

/* Button component */
.button {
  /* Component internal variables */
  --btn-padding-x: 1rem;
  --btn-padding-y: 0.5rem;
  --btn-bg: var(--color-primary);
  --btn-color: white;
  --btn-border-radius: var(--border-radius);

  padding: var(--btn-padding-y) var(--btn-padding-x);
  background: var(--btn-bg);
  color: var(--btn-color);
  border-radius: var(--btn-border-radius);
}

/* Size variants */
.button-sm {
  --btn-padding-x: 0.75rem;
  --btn-padding-y: 0.25rem;
  font-size: var(--text-sm);
}

.button-lg {
  --btn-padding-x: 1.5rem;
  --btn-padding-y: 0.75rem;
  font-size: var(--text-lg);
}

/* Color variants */
.button-secondary {
  --btn-bg: var(--color-secondary);
}

.button-danger {
  --btn-bg: var(--color-error);
}

Card Component

.card {
  --card-padding: var(--space-md);
  --card-bg: var(--bg-color);
  --card-border: 1px solid var(--border-color);
  --card-radius: var(--border-radius);
  --card-shadow: 0 2px 8px var(--shadow-color);

  padding: var(--card-padding);
  background: var(--card-bg);
  border: var(--card-border);
  border-radius: var(--card-radius);
  box-shadow: var(--card-shadow);
}

/* Inline override */
.card.featured {
  --card-border: 2px solid var(--color-primary);
  --card-shadow: 0 4px 16px var(--shadow-color);
}

With SCSS

// SCSS variables for compile time
$breakpoint-md: 768px;
$breakpoint-lg: 1024px;

// CSS variables for runtime
:root {
  --primary: #3498db;
  --spacing: 16px;
}

// Mixed usage
.container {
  padding: var(--spacing);

  @media (min-width: $breakpoint-md) {
    --spacing: 24px;
  }
}

// SCSS function to generate CSS variables
@function css-var($name, $fallback: null) {
  @if $fallback {
    @return var(--#{$name}, #{$fallback});
  }
  @return var(--#{$name});
}

.element {
  color: css-var(primary-color, blue);
}

Best Practices Summary

CSS Variables Best Practices:
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                                                     │
│   Naming Conventions                                │
│   ├── Use semantic naming                          │
│   ├── Keep naming consistent                       │
│   └── Use hyphens as separators                    │
│                                                     │
│   Organization                                      │
│   ├── Global variables in :root                    │
│   ├── Component variables in component selector    │
│   └── Categorize (colors, spacing, typography)     │
│                                                     │
│   Performance                                       │
│   ├── Avoid deeply nested variables               │
│   ├── Batch updates reduce repaints               │
│   └── Use class toggle instead of frequent JS     │
│                                                     │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Scenario	Recommended Approach	Example
Theme switching	data attribute + variable override	[data-theme=“dark”]
Component customization	Component-level variables	—btn-bg
Responsive	Media query override	Reassign in @media
Dynamic values	JS setProperty	style.setProperty()

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Master CSS variables to build flexible and maintainable styling systems.